Designing at mmWave Frequencies: Geometry Becomes Part of the Circuit
At millimeter-wave frequencies, parasitic coupling and manufacturing tolerances dominate performance, making parametric optimization essential.
Introduction
As we move to 5G and 6G frequency bands (28 GHz, 39 GHz, and beyond), the wavelength becomes comparable to the physical dimensions of the PCB traces and surface mount components.
Engineering Context
At these frequencies, every pad, via, and bend in a transmission line acts as a distributed microwave component. Schematic-level circuit simulation is no longer sufficient; full 3D electromagnetic layout co-simulation is required.
Practical Implications
Because the layout *is* the circuit, AI-assisted optimization must operate directly on the physical geometry, adjusting trace widths, via placements, and clearance gaps to achieve target S-parameters and minimize insertion loss.